Shoulder Pain: Common Causes and When to Seek Assessment

Common causes of shoulder pain

• Possible causes include rotator cuff problems, bursitis, frozen shoulder, instability, arthritis and injury after a fall or sporting movement.
• Pain location alone cannot reliably identify the cause. A history and physical examination help guide further assessment.

When should you seek medical attention?

• Seek urgent assessment after a major injury, with visible deformity, sudden marked weakness, or an inability to move the arm.
• Chest pain, breathlessness, sweating or pain spreading to the jaw or arm can indicate an emergency and require immediate medical attention.
• Arrange a clinical review when pain persists, repeatedly wakes you at night, or limits work, sleep or everyday tasks.

How is shoulder pain assessed?

• Assessment may include movement, strength and stability tests, with imaging such as X-ray or ultrasound/MRI considered when appropriate.
• Treatment may include activity modification, guided exercises, physiotherapy, medication advice or a procedure depending on the diagnosis.

What can you do meanwhile?

• Avoid movements that sharply worsen pain, but do not immobilise the shoulder for a prolonged period unless advised.
• Seek professional advice before starting exercises if symptoms followed a significant injury or you have substantial weakness.

Frequently asked questions

Does shoulder pain always require an MRI?

No. Imaging is selected according to the history and examination.

Can shoulder pain improve without surgery?

Many shoulder conditions can be managed without surgery, but the appropriate approach depends on the diagnosis and severity.